Title: Learning Unit Title

Authors: evoltas (Author)
Years: 2021
Source: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0

Module Title

Gulf of Mexico, United States

Credits: A-Master; by Benjamin Höhne; 2021; licence CC BY-SA 4.0

Introduction

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Orientation2

Learning outcomes

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Credits: by bh (Author); 2021; source https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/; licence CC BY-SA 4.0

[Image: Figure 1: A typical layout of a traditional electricity grid with centralized generators far from consumers]

Figure 1: A typical layout of a traditional electricity grid with centralized generators far from consumers

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Table 1: Commonly used power sector policy tools

 | Project Size | Policy | Comments
Regulatory | All | Renewable Energy Targets | Promotes rather mature technologies Can be difficult to monitor and enforce
All | Quotas and certificates (Renewable energy certificates, Renewable Purchase Obligations, Renewable Portfolio Standards,etc. ) | Market friendly but may be complex administratively Often used for larger projects
All | Feed-in tariff (FIT) Feed-in premium (FIP) | Usually employed to promote costly technologies in their early stage of development. Have been widely used for all size of projects, during the last decade. Today, mostly preferred as a pricing policy for prosumers (producer/consumer)
Prosumer (Producer/Consumer) | Net metering/billing | Administratively and technically easy
Prosumer (Producer/Consumer) | Grid access | Administratively and technically easy Limited by the grid operator’s management capabilities
Large-scale projects | Auctions and tenders | Remarkable cost reductions for mature sectors Economies of scale favor larger players, communities and smaller companies are naturally excluded
Non-regulatory | All (Mostly large-scale projects) | Financial and fiscal incentives (Grants Soft Loans, Risk Mitigation, etc.) | Provides incentives for new technologies and high initial investment costs Also used for installations in risky environments
All | Corporate sourcing and Bilateral agreements (e.g., Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs)) | Widely used in the US, and solidly making its way to other liberalized markets.

Table 1: Commonly used power sector policy tools

Summary

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Self-Test Questions

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Question 1

Q1

Q: What is the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE)?
- life-cycle costs per unit energy produced taking into account project development, financing, construction, operation and maintenance, and decommissioning costs (correct)
- market price of electricity
- life-cycle costs per unit energy including social costs and pollution

Question 2

Q2

Q: What is priority dispatch of electricity?
- the obligation on operators to feed all energy from renewable generators ahead of other generators without compromising the secure operation of the grid (correct)
- the obligation of dispatching of electricity from intermediate-load power plants based on transparent and non-discriminatory criteria
- reduction in electricity output below what could have been produced, for balancing real-time supply and demand

Question 3

Q3

Fill in the missing words

Q: [...] are policy mechanisms offering guaranteed access to the grid and long-term purchase contacts with adjusted payment levels depending on the generation costs. Under these policies, all small and large-size generators, are paid a predetermined price for the renewable electricity they supply to the grid.
A: Feed-in tariffs

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