Five design principles for assessing someone's (professional) competence can be identified. Competence is assessed on the basis of what someone actually does; behavior.

• Assume a reflection of realistic task situations/contexts of a skilled professional.

• Involve different experts (fellow students, colleagues, supervisors, customers, teachers).

• Combine information from different testing moments (preferably over a longer period of time) and different testing methods. For example, narratives, qualitative input, self-assessments and expert judgments.

• Combine formative and summative assessment. An assessment is part of the learning process and there is no judgment without feedback.

• Set a clear standard and describe what you want to see as a minimum. If necessary, name scoring levels